There is a mechanism by which El Nino events can cause the Pacific Jet to extend across the far-southern U.S. and into the Atlantic, encouraging lower pressure west of the Azores which edges east at times and displaces the Azores High into Europe.
This is far from a reliable process though, tending to come and go and with a different pattern for each El Nino event. The strongest examples in the last 50 years have tended to produce this more often in Jan-Feb than Dec, but for example while 1997-8 took it to extreme levels in Feb, 1982-83 had a more intermittent feature with some colder spells in between.
This year stands out for having the response so very prominent in the first half of Nov and now again in Dec with only hints of abating by month's end. This implies that the PJ extension has been at play from unusually early on for this event - however I expect that the sheer persistence and strength of the Euro High is down to other variables, in particular the North Atlantic Cold Pool that continues to be present. In summer we saw a persistent Euro High, which also brought a lot of cloud and rain but of course the temperatures were suppressed rather than raised due to the huge difference in the importance of solar insolation at that time of year. It seems that the Cold Pool in the position that it's in this year (in particular extending as far south as the Azores) encourages a mid-Atlantic trough with a corresponding Euro High.
At the end of Nov I was envisioning El Nino to boost the high again and had hoped that, working with the Cold Pool, it would generate some settled spells across much of the UK with cold nights and near average days. However, this was dependent on the polar vortex being displaced a little toward the Siberian sector, which hasn't verified well - instead it's being displaced slightly to the Atlantic, encouraging a strong polar jet that doesn't allow more than a fleeting UK high to develop.
So it is that I've found myself tracking exceptionally high temps again as opposed to admiring foggy mornings and watching for frosts. Oh well!
Incidentally, GFS' shortfall with temperature predictions was very apparent when looking at early Dec from the end of Nov; averaging the op runs of 29th and 30th gives a CET estimate of 7.9 for the first 8 days, and the actual value was 10.7*C by GW's calculations!
That's an error of -2.8*C. Shame on you GFS!
Looking in more detail, this was mostly down to night temps being way too low - in the mid-single digits as opposed to high single or low double digits. Cloud modelling issues perhaps? Or radiative cooling? The mystery deepens.
Edited by user
15 December 2015 09:54:19
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